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name : reduction.py
#
# Module which deals with pickling of objects.
#
# multiprocessing/reduction.py
#
# Copyright (c) 2006-2008, R Oudkerk
# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
#

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
import copyreg
import functools
import io
import os
import pickle
import socket
import sys

from . import context

__all__ = ['send_handle', 'recv_handle', 'ForkingPickler', 'register', 'dump']


HAVE_SEND_HANDLE = (sys.platform == 'win32' or
                    (hasattr(socket, 'CMSG_LEN') and
                     hasattr(socket, 'SCM_RIGHTS') and
                     hasattr(socket.socket, 'sendmsg')))

#
# Pickler subclass
#

class ForkingPickler(pickle.Pickler):
    '''Pickler subclass used by multiprocessing.'''
    _extra_reducers = {}
    _copyreg_dispatch_table = copyreg.dispatch_table

    def __init__(self, *args):
        super().__init__(*args)
        self.dispatch_table = self._copyreg_dispatch_table.copy()
        self.dispatch_table.update(self._extra_reducers)

    @classmethod
    def register(cls, type, reduce):
        '''Register a reduce function for a type.'''
        cls._extra_reducers[type] = reduce

    @classmethod
    def dumps(cls, obj, protocol=None):
        buf = io.BytesIO()
        cls(buf, protocol).dump(obj)
        return buf.getbuffer()

    loads = pickle.loads

register = ForkingPickler.register

def dump(obj, file, protocol=None):
    '''Replacement for pickle.dump() using ForkingPickler.'''
    ForkingPickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)

#
# Platform specific definitions
#

if sys.platform == 'win32':
    # Windows
    __all__ += ['DupHandle', 'duplicate', 'steal_handle']
    import _winapi

    def duplicate(handle, target_process=None, inheritable=False):
        '''Duplicate a handle.  (target_process is a handle not a pid!)'''
        if target_process is None:
            target_process = _winapi.GetCurrentProcess()
        return _winapi.DuplicateHandle(
            _winapi.GetCurrentProcess(), handle, target_process,
            0, inheritable, _winapi.DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)

    def steal_handle(source_pid, handle):
        '''Steal a handle from process identified by source_pid.'''
        source_process_handle = _winapi.OpenProcess(
            _winapi.PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE, False, source_pid)
        try:
            return _winapi.DuplicateHandle(
                source_process_handle, handle,
                _winapi.GetCurrentProcess(), 0, False,
                _winapi.DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS | _winapi.DUPLICATE_CLOSE_SOURCE)
        finally:
            _winapi.CloseHandle(source_process_handle)

    def send_handle(conn, handle, destination_pid):
        '''Send a handle over a local connection.'''
        dh = DupHandle(handle, _winapi.DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS, destination_pid)
        conn.send(dh)

    def recv_handle(conn):
        '''Receive a handle over a local connection.'''
        return conn.recv().detach()

    class DupHandle(object):
        '''Picklable wrapper for a handle.'''
        def __init__(self, handle, access, pid=None):
            if pid is None:
                # We just duplicate the handle in the current process and
                # let the receiving process steal the handle.
                pid = os.getpid()
            proc = _winapi.OpenProcess(_winapi.PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE, False, pid)
            try:
                self._handle = _winapi.DuplicateHandle(
                    _winapi.GetCurrentProcess(),
                    handle, proc, access, False, 0)
            finally:
                _winapi.CloseHandle(proc)
            self._access = access
            self._pid = pid

        def detach(self):
            '''Get the handle.  This should only be called once.'''
            # retrieve handle from process which currently owns it
            if self._pid == os.getpid():
                # The handle has already been duplicated for this process.
                return self._handle
            # We must steal the handle from the process whose pid is self._pid.
            proc = _winapi.OpenProcess(_winapi.PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE, False,
                                       self._pid)
            try:
                return _winapi.DuplicateHandle(
                    proc, self._handle, _winapi.GetCurrentProcess(),
                    self._access, False, _winapi.DUPLICATE_CLOSE_SOURCE)
            finally:
                _winapi.CloseHandle(proc)

else:
    # Unix
    __all__ += ['DupFd', 'sendfds', 'recvfds']
    import array

    # On MacOSX we should acknowledge receipt of fds -- see Issue14669
    ACKNOWLEDGE = sys.platform == 'darwin'

    def sendfds(sock, fds):
        '''Send an array of fds over an AF_UNIX socket.'''
        fds = array.array('i', fds)
        msg = bytes([len(fds) % 256])
        sock.sendmsg([msg], [(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SCM_RIGHTS, fds)])
        if ACKNOWLEDGE and sock.recv(1) != b'A':
            raise RuntimeError('did not receive acknowledgement of fd')

    def recvfds(sock, size):
        '''Receive an array of fds over an AF_UNIX socket.'''
        a = array.array('i')
        bytes_size = a.itemsize * size
        msg, ancdata, flags, addr = sock.recvmsg(1, socket.CMSG_SPACE(bytes_size))
        if not msg and not ancdata:
            raise EOFError
        try:
            if ACKNOWLEDGE:
                sock.send(b'A')
            if len(ancdata) != 1:
                raise RuntimeError('received %d items of ancdata' %
                                   len(ancdata))
            cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data = ancdata[0]
            if (cmsg_level == socket.SOL_SOCKET and
                cmsg_type == socket.SCM_RIGHTS):
                if len(cmsg_data) % a.itemsize != 0:
                    raise ValueError
                a.frombytes(cmsg_data)
                assert len(a) % 256 == msg[0]
                return list(a)
        except (ValueError, IndexError):
            pass
        raise RuntimeError('Invalid data received')

    def send_handle(conn, handle, destination_pid):
        '''Send a handle over a local connection.'''
        with socket.fromfd(conn.fileno(), socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
            sendfds(s, [handle])

    def recv_handle(conn):
        '''Receive a handle over a local connection.'''
        with socket.fromfd(conn.fileno(), socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
            return recvfds(s, 1)[0]

    def DupFd(fd):
        '''Return a wrapper for an fd.'''
        popen_obj = context.get_spawning_popen()
        if popen_obj is not None:
            return popen_obj.DupFd(popen_obj.duplicate_for_child(fd))
        elif HAVE_SEND_HANDLE:
            from . import resource_sharer
            return resource_sharer.DupFd(fd)
        else:
            raise ValueError('SCM_RIGHTS appears not to be available')

#
# Try making some callable types picklable
#

def _reduce_method(m):
    if m.__self__ is None:
        return getattr, (m.__class__, m.__func__.__name__)
    else:
        return getattr, (m.__self__, m.__func__.__name__)
class _C:
    def f(self):
        pass
register(type(_C().f), _reduce_method)


def _reduce_method_descriptor(m):
    return getattr, (m.__objclass__, m.__name__)
register(type(list.append), _reduce_method_descriptor)
register(type(int.__add__), _reduce_method_descriptor)


def _reduce_partial(p):
    return _rebuild_partial, (p.func, p.args, p.keywords or {})
def _rebuild_partial(func, args, keywords):
    return functools.partial(func, *args, **keywords)
register(functools.partial, _reduce_partial)

#
# Make sockets picklable
#

if sys.platform == 'win32':
    def _reduce_socket(s):
        from .resource_sharer import DupSocket
        return _rebuild_socket, (DupSocket(s),)
    def _rebuild_socket(ds):
        return ds.detach()
    register(socket.socket, _reduce_socket)

else:
    def _reduce_socket(s):
        df = DupFd(s.fileno())
        return _rebuild_socket, (df, s.family, s.type, s.proto)
    def _rebuild_socket(df, family, type, proto):
        fd = df.detach()
        return socket.socket(family, type, proto, fileno=fd)
    register(socket.socket, _reduce_socket)


class AbstractReducer(metaclass=ABCMeta):
    '''Abstract base class for use in implementing a Reduction class
    suitable for use in replacing the standard reduction mechanism
    used in multiprocessing.'''
    ForkingPickler = ForkingPickler
    register = register
    dump = dump
    send_handle = send_handle
    recv_handle = recv_handle

    if sys.platform == 'win32':
        steal_handle = steal_handle
        duplicate = duplicate
        DupHandle = DupHandle
    else:
        sendfds = sendfds
        recvfds = recvfds
        DupFd = DupFd

    _reduce_method = _reduce_method
    _reduce_method_descriptor = _reduce_method_descriptor
    _rebuild_partial = _rebuild_partial
    _reduce_socket = _reduce_socket
    _rebuild_socket = _rebuild_socket

    def __init__(self, *args):
        register(type(_C().f), _reduce_method)
        register(type(list.append), _reduce_method_descriptor)
        register(type(int.__add__), _reduce_method_descriptor)
        register(functools.partial, _reduce_partial)
        register(socket.socket, _reduce_socket)

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Web Design for Beginners

Web Design for Beginners

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Created by Linda Anderson
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Course
Web Design for Beginners
in Design
4.25
1:45 Hours
8 Jul 2021
₹11.80

What you will learn?

Create any website layout you can imagine

Support any device size with Responsive (mobile-friendly) Design

Add tasteful animations and effects with CSS3

Course description

You can launch a new career in web development today by learning HTML & CSS. You don't need a computer science degree or expensive software. All you need is a computer, a bit of time, a lot of determination, and a teacher you trust. I've taught HTML and CSS to countless coworkers and held training sessions for fortune 100 companies. I am that teacher you can trust. 


Don't limit yourself by creating websites with some cheesy “site-builder" tool. This course teaches you how to take 100% control over your webpages by using the same concepts that every professional website is created with.


This course does not assume any prior experience. We start at square one and learn together bit by bit. By the end of the course you will have created (by hand) a website that looks great on phones, tablets, laptops, and desktops alike.


In the summer of 2020 the course has received a new section where we push our website live up onto the web using the free GitHub Pages service; this means you'll be able to share a link to what you've created with your friends, family, colleagues and the world!

Requirements

No prerequisite knowledge required

No special software required

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