shell bypass 403

UnknownSec Shell

: /usr/sbin/ [ dr-xr-xr-x ]

name : mountstats
#!/usr/libexec/platform-python
# -*- python-mode -*-
"""Parse /proc/self/mountstats and display it in human readable form
"""

from __future__ import print_function

__copyright__ = """
Copyright (C) 2005, Chuck Lever <cel@netapp.com>

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
published by the Free Software Foundation.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
MA 02110-1301 USA
"""

import sys, os, time
from operator import itemgetter, add
try:
    import argparse
except ImportError:
    print('%s:  Failed to import argparse - make sure argparse is installed!'
        % sys.argv[0])
    sys.exit(1)

Mountstats_version = '0.3'

def difference(x, y):
    """Used for a map() function
    """
    return x - y

NfsEventCounters = [
    'inoderevalidates',
    'dentryrevalidates',
    'datainvalidates',
    'attrinvalidates',
    'vfsopen',
    'vfslookup',
    'vfspermission',
    'vfsupdatepage',
    'vfsreadpage',
    'vfsreadpages',
    'vfswritepage',
    'vfswritepages',
    'vfsreaddir',
    'vfssetattr',
    'vfsflush',
    'vfsfsync',
    'vfslock',
    'vfsrelease',
    'congestionwait',
    'setattrtrunc',
    'extendwrite',
    'sillyrenames',
    'shortreads',
    'shortwrites',
    'delay',
    'pnfsreads',
    'pnfswrites'
]

NfsByteCounters = [
    'normalreadbytes',
    'normalwritebytes',
    'directreadbytes',
    'directwritebytes',
    'serverreadbytes',
    'serverwritebytes',
    'readpages',
    'writepages'
]

XprtUdpCounters = [
    'port',
    'bind_count',
    'rpcsends',
    'rpcreceives',
    'badxids',
    'inflightsends',
    'backlogutil',
    'maxslots',
    'sendutil',
    'pendutil'
]

XprtTcpCounters = [
    'port',
    'bind_count',
    'connect_count',
    'connect_time',
    'idle_time',
    'rpcsends',
    'rpcreceives',
    'badxids',
    'inflightsends',
    'backlogutil',
    'maxslots',
    'sendutil',
    'pendutil'
]

XprtRdmaCounters = [
    'port',
    'bind_count',
    'connect_count',
    'connect_time',
    'idle_time',
    'rpcsends',
    'rpcreceives',
    'badxids',
    'inflightsends',
    'backlogutil',
    'read_segments',
    'write_segments',
    'reply_segments',
    'total_rdma_req',
    'total_rdma_rep',
    'pullup',
    'fixup',
    'hardway',
    'failed_marshal',
    'bad_reply',
    'nomsg_calls',
    'recovered_mrs',
    'orphaned_mrs',
    'allocated_mrs',
    'local_invalidates',
    'empty_sendctx_q',
    'reply_waits_for_send',
]

Nfsv3ops = [
    'NULL',
    'GETATTR',
    'SETATTR',
    'LOOKUP',
    'ACCESS',
    'READLINK',
    'READ',
    'WRITE',
    'CREATE',
    'MKDIR',
    'SYMLINK',
    'MKNOD',
    'REMOVE',
    'RMDIR',
    'RENAME',
    'LINK',
    'READDIR',
    'READDIRPLUS',
    'FSSTAT',
    'FSINFO',
    'PATHCONF',
    'COMMIT'
]

# This list should be kept in-sync with the NFSPROC4_CLNT_* enum in
# include/linux/nfs4.h in the kernel.
Nfsv4ops = [
    'NULL',
    'READ',
    'WRITE',
    'COMMIT',
    'OPEN',
    'OPEN_CONFIRM',
    'OPEN_NOATTR',
    'OPEN_DOWNGRADE',
    'CLOSE',
    'SETATTR',
    'FSINFO',
    'RENEW',
    'SETCLIENTID',
    'SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM',
    'LOCK',
    'LOCKT',
    'LOCKU',
    'ACCESS',
    'GETATTR',
    'LOOKUP',
    'LOOKUP_ROOT',
    'REMOVE',
    'RENAME',
    'LINK',
    'SYMLINK',
    'CREATE',
    'PATHCONF',
    'STATFS',
    'READLINK',
    'READDIR',
    'SERVER_CAPS',
    'DELEGRETURN',
    'GETACL',
    'SETACL',
    'FS_LOCATIONS',
    'RELEASE_LOCKOWNER',
    'SECINFO',
    'FSID_PRESENT',
    'EXCHANGE_ID',
    'CREATE_SESSION',
    'DESTROY_SESSION',
    'SEQUENCE',
    'GET_LEASE_TIME',
    'RECLAIM_COMPLETE',
    'LAYOUTGET',
    'GETDEVICEINFO',
    'LAYOUTCOMMIT',
    'LAYOUTRETURN',
    'SECINFO_NO_NAME',
    'TEST_STATEID',
    'FREE_STATEID',
    'GETDEVICELIST',
    'BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION',
    'DESTROY_CLIENTID',
    'SEEK',
    'ALLOCATE',
    'DEALLOCATE',
    'LAYOUTSTATS',
    'CLONE'
]

class DeviceData:
    """DeviceData objects provide methods for parsing and displaying
    data for a single mount grabbed from /proc/self/mountstats
    """
    def __init__(self):
        self.__nfs_data = dict()
        self.__rpc_data = dict()
        self.__rpc_data['ops'] = []

    def __parse_nfs_line(self, words):
        if words[0] == 'device':
            self.__nfs_data['export'] = words[1]
            self.__nfs_data['mountpoint'] = words[4]
            self.__nfs_data['fstype'] = words[7]
            if words[7].find('nfs') != -1 and words[7] != 'nfsd':
                self.__nfs_data['statvers'] = words[8]
        elif 'nfs' in words or 'nfs4' in words:
            self.__nfs_data['export'] = words[0]
            self.__nfs_data['mountpoint'] = words[3]
            self.__nfs_data['fstype'] = words[6]
            if words[6].find('nfs') != -1 and words[6] != 'nfsd':
                self.__nfs_data['statvers'] = words[7]
        elif words[0] == 'age:':
            self.__nfs_data['age'] = int(words[1])
        elif words[0] == 'opts:':
            self.__nfs_data['mountoptions'] = ''.join(words[1:]).split(',')
        elif words[0] == 'caps:':
            self.__nfs_data['servercapabilities'] = ''.join(words[1:]).split(',')
        elif words[0] == 'nfsv4:':
            self.__nfs_data['nfsv4flags'] = ''.join(words[1:]).split(',')
        elif words[0] == 'sec:':
            keys = ''.join(words[1:]).split(',')
            self.__nfs_data['flavor'] = int(keys[0].split('=')[1])
            self.__nfs_data['pseudoflavor'] = 0
            if self.__nfs_data['flavor'] == 6:
                self.__nfs_data['pseudoflavor'] = int(keys[1].split('=')[1])
        elif words[0] == 'events:':
            i = 1
            for key in NfsEventCounters:
                try:
                    self.__nfs_data[key] = int(words[i])
                except IndexError as err:
                    self.__nfs_data[key] = 0
                i += 1
        elif words[0] == 'bytes:':
            i = 1
            for key in NfsByteCounters:
                self.__nfs_data[key] = int(words[i])
                i += 1

    def __parse_rpc_line(self, words):
        if words[0] == 'RPC':
            self.__rpc_data['statsvers'] = float(words[3])
            self.__rpc_data['programversion'] = words[5]
        elif words[0] == 'xprt:':
            self.__rpc_data['protocol'] = words[1]
            if words[1] == 'udp':
                i = 2
                for key in XprtUdpCounters:
                    if i < len(words):
                        self.__rpc_data[key] = int(words[i])
                    i += 1
            elif words[1] == 'tcp':
                i = 2
                for key in XprtTcpCounters:
                    if i < len(words):
                        self.__rpc_data[key] = int(words[i])
                    i += 1
            elif words[1] == 'rdma':
                i = 2
                for key in XprtRdmaCounters:
                    if i < len(words):
                        self.__rpc_data[key] = int(words[i])
                    i += 1
        elif words[0] == 'per-op':
            self.__rpc_data['per-op'] = words
        else:
            op = words[0][:-1]
            self.__rpc_data['ops'] += [op]
            self.__rpc_data[op] = [int(word) for word in words[1:]]
            if len(self.__rpc_data[op]) < 9:
                self.__rpc_data[op] += [0]

    def parse_stats(self, lines):
        """Turn a list of lines from a mount stat file into a 
        dictionary full of stats, keyed by name
        """
        found = False
        for line in lines:
            words = line.split()
            if len(words) == 0:
                continue
            if (not found and words[0] != 'RPC'):
                self.__parse_nfs_line(words)
                continue

            found = True
            self.__parse_rpc_line(words)

    def is_nfs_mountpoint(self):
        """Return True if this is an NFS or NFSv4 mountpoint,
        otherwise return False
        """
        if self.__nfs_data['fstype'] == 'nfs':
            return True
        elif self.__nfs_data['fstype'] == 'nfs4':
            return True
        return False

    def nfs_version(self):
        if self.is_nfs_mountpoint():
            prog, vers = self.__rpc_data['programversion'].split('/')
            return int(vers)

    def display_raw_stats(self):
        """Prints out stats in the same format as /proc/self/mountstats
        """
        print('device %s mounted on %s with fstype %s %s' % \
            (self.__nfs_data['export'], self.__nfs_data['mountpoint'], \
            self.__nfs_data['fstype'], self.__nfs_data['statvers']))
        print('\topts:\t%s' % ','.join(self.__nfs_data['mountoptions']))
        print('\tage:\t%d' % self.__nfs_data['age'])
        print('\tcaps:\t%s' % ','.join(self.__nfs_data['servercapabilities']))
        print('\tsec:\tflavor=%d,pseudoflavor=%d' % (self.__nfs_data['flavor'], \
            self.__nfs_data['pseudoflavor']))
        print('\tevents:\t%s' % " ".join([str(self.__nfs_data[key]) for key in NfsEventCounters]))
        print('\tbytes:\t%s' % " ".join([str(self.__nfs_data[key]) for key in NfsByteCounters]))
        print('\tRPC iostats version: %1.1f p/v: %s (nfs)' % (self.__rpc_data['statsvers'], \
            self.__rpc_data['programversion']))
        if self.__rpc_data['protocol'] == 'udp':
            print('\txprt:\tudp %s' % " ".join([str(self.__rpc_data[key]) for key in XprtUdpCounters]))
        elif self.__rpc_data['protocol'] == 'tcp':
            print('\txprt:\ttcp %s' % " ".join([str(self.__rpc_data[key]) for key in XprtTcpCounters]))
        elif self.__rpc_data['protocol'] == 'rdma':
            print('\txprt:\trdma %s' % " ".join([str(self.__rpc_data[key]) for key in XprtRdmaCounters]))
        else:
            raise Exception('Unknown RPC transport protocol %s' % self.__rpc_data['protocol'])
        print('\tper-op statistics')
        prog, vers = self.__rpc_data['programversion'].split('/')
        if vers == '3':
            for op in Nfsv3ops:
                print('\t%12s: %s' % (op, " ".join(str(x) for x in self.__rpc_data[op])))
        elif vers == '4':
            for op in Nfsv4ops:
                print('\t%12s: %s' % (op, " ".join(str(x) for x in self.__rpc_data[op])))
        else:
            print('\tnot implemented for version %d' % vers)
        print()

    def display_stats_header(self):
        print('Stats for %s mounted on %s:' % \
            (self.__nfs_data['export'], self.__nfs_data['mountpoint']))
        print()

    def display_nfs_options(self):
        """Pretty-print the NFS options
        """
        print('  NFS mount options: %s' % ','.join(self.__nfs_data['mountoptions']))
        print('  NFS server capabilities: %s' % ','.join(self.__nfs_data['servercapabilities']))
        if 'nfsv4flags' in self.__nfs_data:
            print('  NFSv4 capability flags: %s' % ','.join(self.__nfs_data['nfsv4flags']))
        if 'pseudoflavor' in self.__nfs_data:
            print('  NFS security flavor: %d  pseudoflavor: %d' % \
                (self.__nfs_data['flavor'], self.__nfs_data['pseudoflavor']))
        else:
            print('  NFS security flavor: %d' % self.__nfs_data['flavor'])

    def display_nfs_events(self):
        """Pretty-print the NFS event counters
        """
        print()
        print('Cache events:')
        print('  data cache invalidated %d times' % self.__nfs_data['datainvalidates'])
        print('  attribute cache invalidated %d times' % self.__nfs_data['attrinvalidates'])
        print()
        print('VFS calls:')
        print('  VFS requested %d inode revalidations' % self.__nfs_data['inoderevalidates'])
        print('  VFS requested %d dentry revalidations' % self.__nfs_data['dentryrevalidates'])
        print()
        print('  VFS called nfs_readdir() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfsreaddir'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_lookup() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfslookup'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_permission() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfspermission'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_file_open() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfsopen'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_file_flush() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfsflush'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_lock() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfslock'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_fsync() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfsfsync'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_file_release() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfsrelease'])
        print()
        print('VM calls:')
        print('  VFS called nfs_readpage() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfsreadpage'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_readpages() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfsreadpages'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_writepage() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfswritepage'])
        print('  VFS called nfs_writepages() %d times' % self.__nfs_data['vfswritepages'])
        print()
        print('Generic NFS counters:')
        print('  File size changing operations:')
        print('    truncating SETATTRs: %d  extending WRITEs: %d' % \
            (self.__nfs_data['setattrtrunc'], self.__nfs_data['extendwrite']))
        print('  %d silly renames' % self.__nfs_data['sillyrenames'])
        print('  short reads: %d  short writes: %d' % \
            (self.__nfs_data['shortreads'], self.__nfs_data['shortwrites']))
        print('  NFSERR_DELAYs from server: %d' % self.__nfs_data['delay'])
        print('  pNFS READs: %d' % self.__nfs_data['pnfsreads'])
        print('  pNFS WRITEs: %d' % self.__nfs_data['pnfswrites'])

    def display_nfs_bytes(self):
        """Pretty-print the NFS event counters
        """
        print()
        print('NFS byte counts:')
        print('  applications read %d bytes via read(2)' % self.__nfs_data['normalreadbytes'])
        print('  applications wrote %d bytes via write(2)' % self.__nfs_data['normalwritebytes'])
        print('  applications read %d bytes via O_DIRECT read(2)' % self.__nfs_data['directreadbytes'])
        print('  applications wrote %d bytes via O_DIRECT write(2)' % self.__nfs_data['directwritebytes'])
        print('  client read %d bytes via NFS READ' % self.__nfs_data['serverreadbytes'])
        print('  client wrote %d bytes via NFS WRITE' % self.__nfs_data['serverwritebytes'])

    def display_rpc_generic_stats(self):
        """Pretty-print the generic RPC stats
        """
        sends = self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']

        print('RPC statistics:')

        print('  %d RPC requests sent, %d RPC replies received (%d XIDs not found)' % \
            (sends, self.__rpc_data['rpcreceives'], self.__rpc_data['badxids']))
        if sends != 0:
            print('  average backlog queue length: %d' % \
                (float(self.__rpc_data['backlogutil']) / sends))

    def display_rpc_op_stats(self):
        """Pretty-print the per-op stats
        """
        sends = self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']

        allstats = []
        for op in self.__rpc_data['ops']:
            allstats.append([op] + self.__rpc_data[op])

        print()
        for stats in sorted(allstats, key=itemgetter(1), reverse=True):
            count = stats[1]
            if count != 0:
                print('%s:' % stats[0])
                print('\t%d ops (%d%%)' % \
                    (count, ((count * 100) / sends)), end=' ')
                retrans = stats[2] - count
                if retrans != 0:
                    print('\t%d retrans (%d%%)' % (retrans, ((retrans * 100) / count)), end=' ')
                    print('\t%d major timeouts' % stats[3], end='')
                if len(stats) >= 10 and stats[9] != 0:
                    print('\t%d errors (%d%%)' % (stats[9], ((stats[9] * 100) / count)))
                else:
                    print('')
                print('\tavg bytes sent per op: %d\tavg bytes received per op: %d' % \
                    (stats[4] / count, stats[5] / count))
                print('\tbacklog wait: %f' % (float(stats[6]) / count), end=' ')
                print('\tRTT: %f' % (float(stats[7]) / count), end=' ')
                print('\ttotal execute time: %f (milliseconds)' % \
                    (float(stats[8]) / count))

    def client_rpc_stats(self):
        """Tally high-level rpc stats for the nfsstat command
        """
        sends = 0
        trans = 0
        authrefrsh = 0
        for op in self.__rpc_data['ops']:
            sends += self.__rpc_data[op][0]
            trans += self.__rpc_data[op][1]
        retrans = trans - sends
        # authrefresh stats don't actually get captured in
        # /proc/self/mountstats, so we fudge it here
        authrefrsh = sends
        return (sends, retrans, authrefrsh)

    def display_nfsstat_stats(self):
        """Pretty-print nfsstat-style stats
        """
        sends = 0
        for op in self.__rpc_data['ops']:
            sends += self.__rpc_data[op][0]
        if sends == 0:
            return
        print()
        vers = self.nfs_version()
        print('Client nfs v%d' % vers)
        info = []
        for op in self.__rpc_data['ops']:
            print('%-13s' % str.lower(op)[:12], end='')
            count = self.__rpc_data[op][0]
            pct = (count * 100) / sends
            info.append((count, pct))
            if (self.__rpc_data['ops'].index(op) + 1) % 6 == 0:
                print()
                for (count, pct) in info:
                    print('%-8u%3u%% ' % (count, pct), end='')
                print()
                info = []
        print()
        if len(info) > 0:
            for (count, pct) in info:
                print('%-8u%3u%% ' % (count, pct), end='')
            print()

    def compare_iostats(self, old_stats):
        """Return the difference between two sets of stats
        """
        if old_stats.__nfs_data['age'] > self.__nfs_data['age']:
            return self

        result = DeviceData()
        protocol = self.__rpc_data['protocol']

        # copy self into result
        for key, value in self.__nfs_data.items():
            result.__nfs_data[key] = value
        for key, value in self.__rpc_data.items():
            result.__rpc_data[key] = value

        # compute the difference of each item in the list
        # note the copy loop above does not copy the lists, just
        # the reference to them.  so we build new lists here
        # for the result object.
        for op in result.__rpc_data['ops']:
            result.__rpc_data[op] = list(map(difference, self.__rpc_data[op], old_stats.__rpc_data[op]))

        # update the remaining keys
        if protocol == 'udp':
            for key in XprtUdpCounters:
                result.__rpc_data[key] -= old_stats.__rpc_data[key]
        elif protocol == 'tcp':
            for key in XprtTcpCounters:
                result.__rpc_data[key] -= old_stats.__rpc_data[key]
        elif protocol == 'rdma':
            for key in XprtRdmaCounters:
                result.__rpc_data[key] -= old_stats.__rpc_data[key]
        result.__nfs_data['age'] -= old_stats.__nfs_data['age']
        for key in NfsEventCounters:
            result.__nfs_data[key] -= old_stats.__nfs_data[key]
        for key in NfsByteCounters:
            result.__nfs_data[key] -= old_stats.__nfs_data[key]
        return result

    def setup_accumulator(self, ops):
        """Initialize a DeviceData instance to tally stats for all mountpoints
        with the same major version. This is for the nfsstat command.
        """
        if ops == Nfsv3ops:
            self.__rpc_data['programversion'] = '100003/3'
            self.__nfs_data['fstype'] = 'nfs'
        elif ops == Nfsv4ops:
            self.__rpc_data['programversion'] = '100003/4'
            self.__nfs_data['fstype'] = 'nfs4'
        self.__rpc_data['ops'] = ops
        for op in ops:
            self.__rpc_data[op] = [0 for i in range(9)]

    def accumulate_iostats(self, new_stats):
        """Accumulate counters from all RPC op buckets in new_stats.  This is
        for the nfsstat command.
        """
        for op in new_stats.__rpc_data['ops']:
            try:
                self.__rpc_data[op] = list(map(add, self.__rpc_data[op], new_stats.__rpc_data[op]))
            except KeyError:
                continue

    def __print_rpc_op_stats(self, op, sample_time):
        """Print generic stats for one RPC op
        """
        if op not in self.__rpc_data:
            return

        rpc_stats = self.__rpc_data[op]
        ops = float(rpc_stats[0])
        retrans = float(rpc_stats[1] - rpc_stats[0])
        kilobytes = float(rpc_stats[3] + rpc_stats[4]) / 1024
        queued_for = float(rpc_stats[5])
        rtt = float(rpc_stats[6])
        exe = float(rpc_stats[7])
        if len(rpc_stats) >= 9:
            errs = int(rpc_stats[8])

        # prevent floating point exceptions
        if ops != 0:
            kb_per_op = kilobytes / ops
            retrans_percent = (retrans * 100) / ops
            rtt_per_op = rtt / ops
            exe_per_op = exe / ops
            queued_for_per_op = queued_for / ops
            if len(rpc_stats) >= 9:
                errs_percent = (errs * 100) / ops
        else:
            kb_per_op = 0.0
            retrans_percent = 0.0
            rtt_per_op = 0.0
            exe_per_op = 0.0
            queued_for_per_op = 0.0
            errs_percent = 0.0

        op += ':'
        print(format(op.lower(), '<16s'), end='')
        print(format('ops/s', '>8s'), end='')
        print(format('kB/s', '>16s'), end='')
        print(format('kB/op', '>16s'), end='')
        print(format('retrans', '>16s'), end='')
        print(format('avg RTT (ms)', '>16s'), end='')
        print(format('avg exe (ms)', '>16s'), end='')
        print(format('avg queue (ms)', '>16s'), end='')
        if len(rpc_stats) >= 9:
            print(format('errors', '>16s'), end='')
        print()

        print(format((ops / sample_time), '>24.3f'), end='')
        print(format((kilobytes / sample_time), '>16.3f'), end='')
        print(format(kb_per_op, '>16.3f'), end='')
        retransmits = '{0:>10.0f} ({1:>3.1f}%)'.format(retrans, retrans_percent).strip()
        print(format(retransmits, '>16'), end='')
        print(format(rtt_per_op, '>16.3f'), end='')
        print(format(exe_per_op, '>16.3f'), end='')
        print(format(queued_for_per_op, '>16.3f'), end='')
        if len(rpc_stats) >= 9:
            errors = '{0:>10.0f} ({1:>3.1f}%)'.format(errs, errs_percent).strip()
            print(format(errors, '>16'), end='')
        print()

    def display_iostats(self, sample_time):
        """Display NFS and RPC stats in an iostat-like way
        """
        sends = float(self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'])
        if sample_time == 0:
            sample_time = float(self.__nfs_data['age'])
        #  sample_time could still be zero if the export was just mounted.
        #  Set it to 1 to avoid divide by zero errors in this case since we'll
        #  likely still have relevant mount statistics to show.
        #
        if sample_time == 0:
            sample_time = 1;
        if sends != 0:
            backlog = (float(self.__rpc_data['backlogutil']) / sends) / sample_time
        else:
            backlog = 0.0

        print()
        print('%s mounted on %s:' % \
            (self.__nfs_data['export'], self.__nfs_data['mountpoint']))
        print()

        print(format('ops/s', '>16') + format('rpc bklog', '>16'))
        print(format((sends / sample_time), '>16.3f'), end='')
        print(format(backlog, '>16.3f'))
        print()

        self.__print_rpc_op_stats('READ', sample_time)
        self.__print_rpc_op_stats('WRITE', sample_time)
        sys.stdout.flush()

    def display_xprt_stats(self):
        """Pretty-print the xprt statistics
        """
        if self.__rpc_data['protocol'] == 'udp':
            print('\tTransport protocol: udp')
            print('\tSource port: %d' % self.__rpc_data['port'])
            print('\tBind count: %d' % self.__rpc_data['bind_count'])
            print('\tRPC requests: %d' % self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'])
            print('\tRPC replies: %d' % self.__rpc_data['rpcreceives'])
            print('\tXIDs not found: %d' % self.__rpc_data['badxids'])
            print('\tMax slots: %d' % self.__rpc_data['maxslots'])
            if self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'] != 0:
                print('\tAvg backlog length: %d' % \
                    (float(self.__rpc_data['backlogutil']) / self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']))
                print('\tAvg send queue length: %d' % \
                    (float(self.__rpc_data['sendutil']) / self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']))
                print('\tAvg pending queue length: %d' % \
                    (float(self.__rpc_data['pendutil']) / self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']))
        elif self.__rpc_data['protocol'] == 'tcp':
            print('\tTransport protocol: tcp')
            print('\tSource port: %d' % self.__rpc_data['port'])
            print('\tBind count: %d' % self.__rpc_data['bind_count'])
            print('\tConnect count: %d' % self.__rpc_data['connect_count'])
            print('\tConnect time: %d seconds' % self.__rpc_data['connect_time'])
            print('\tIdle time: %d seconds' % self.__rpc_data['idle_time'])
            print('\tRPC requests: %d' % self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'])
            print('\tRPC replies: %d' % self.__rpc_data['rpcreceives'])
            print('\tXIDs not found: %d' % self.__rpc_data['badxids'])
            print('\tMax slots: %d' % self.__rpc_data['maxslots'])
            if self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'] != 0:
                print('\tAvg backlog length: %d' % \
                    (float(self.__rpc_data['backlogutil']) / self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']))
                print('\tAvg send queue length: %d' % \
                    (float(self.__rpc_data['sendutil']) / self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']))
                print('\tAvg pending queue length: %d' % \
                    (float(self.__rpc_data['pendutil']) / self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']))
        elif self.__rpc_data['protocol'] == 'rdma':
            print('\tTransport protocol: rdma')
            print('\tConnect count: %d' % self.__rpc_data['connect_count'])
            print('\tConnect time: %d seconds' % self.__rpc_data['connect_time'])
            print('\tIdle time: %d seconds' % self.__rpc_data['idle_time'])
            sends = self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']
            print('\tRPC requests: %d' % self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'])
            print('\tRPC replies: %d' % self.__rpc_data['rpcreceives'])
            print('\tXIDs not found: %d' % self.__rpc_data['badxids'])
            if self.__rpc_data['rpcsends'] != 0:
                print('\tAvg backlog length: %d' % \
                    (float(self.__rpc_data['backlogutil']) / self.__rpc_data['rpcsends']))
            print('\tRead segments: %d' % self.__rpc_data['read_segments'])
            print('\tWrite segments: %d' % self.__rpc_data['write_segments'])
            print('\tReply segments: %d' % self.__rpc_data['reply_segments'])
            print('\tRegistered: %d bytes' % self.__rpc_data['total_rdma_req'])
            print('\tRDMA received: %d bytes' % self.__rpc_data['total_rdma_rep'])
            print('\tTotal pull-up: %d bytes' % self.__rpc_data['pullup'])
            print('\tTotal fix-up: %d bytes' % self.__rpc_data['fixup'])
            print('\tHardway allocations: %d bytes' % self.__rpc_data['hardway'])
            print('\tFailed marshals: %d' % self.__rpc_data['failed_marshal'])
            print('\tBad replies: %d' % self.__rpc_data['bad_reply'])

            """ Counters not present in all kernels """
            if 'nomsg_calls' in self.__rpc_data:
                print('\tRDMA_NOMSG calls: %d' % self.__rpc_data['nomsg_calls'])
            if 'allocated_mrs' in self.__rpc_data:
                print('\tAllocated MRs: %d' % self.__rpc_data['allocated_mrs'])
            if 'recovered_mrs' in self.__rpc_data:
                print('\tRecovered MRs: %d' % self.__rpc_data['recovered_mrs'])
            if 'orphaned_mrs' in self.__rpc_data:
                print('\tOrphaned MRs: %d' % self.__rpc_data['orphaned_mrs'])
            if 'local_invalidates' in self.__rpc_data:
                print('\tLocal Invalidates needed: %d' % self.__rpc_data['local_invalidates'])
            if 'empty_sendctx_q' in self.__rpc_data:
                print('\tEmpty sendctx queue count: %d' % self.__rpc_data['empty_sendctx_q'])
            if 'reply_waits_for_send' in self.__rpc_data:
                print('\tReplies that waited for Send completion: %d' % self.__rpc_data['reply_waits_for_send'])
        else:
            raise Exception('Unknown RPC transport protocol %s' % self.__rpc_data['protocol'])

def parse_stats_file(f):
    """pop the contents of a mountstats file into a dictionary,
    keyed by mount point.  each value object is a list of the
    lines in the mountstats file corresponding to the mount
    point named in the key.
    """
    ms_dict = dict()
    key = ''

    f.seek(0)
    for line in f.readlines():
        words = line.split()
        if len(words) == 0:
            continue
        if words[0] == 'device':
            key = words[4]
            new = [ line.strip() ]
        elif 'nfs' in words or 'nfs4' in words:
            key = words[3]
            new = [ line.strip() ]
        else:
            new += [ line.strip() ]
        ms_dict[key] = new

    return ms_dict

def print_mountstats(stats, nfs_only, rpc_only, raw, xprt_only):
    if nfs_only:
       stats.display_stats_header()
       stats.display_nfs_options()
       stats.display_nfs_events()
       stats.display_nfs_bytes()
    elif rpc_only:
       stats.display_stats_header()
       stats.display_rpc_generic_stats()
       stats.display_rpc_op_stats()
    elif raw:
       stats.display_raw_stats()
    elif xprt_only:
       stats.display_stats_header()
       stats.display_xprt_stats()
    else:
       stats.display_stats_header()
       stats.display_nfs_options()
       stats.display_nfs_bytes()
       stats.display_rpc_generic_stats()
       stats.display_rpc_op_stats()
    print()

def mountstats_command(args):
    """Mountstats command
    """
    mountstats = parse_stats_file(args.infile)
    mountpoints = [os.path.normpath(mp) for mp in args.mountpoints]

    # make certain devices contains only NFS mount points
    if len(mountpoints) > 0:
        check = []
        for device in mountpoints:
            stats = DeviceData()
            try:
                stats.parse_stats(mountstats[device])
                if stats.is_nfs_mountpoint():
                    check += [device]
            except KeyError:
                continue
        mountpoints = check
    else:
        for device, descr in mountstats.items():
            stats = DeviceData()
            stats.parse_stats(descr)
            if stats.is_nfs_mountpoint():
                mountpoints += [device]
    if len(mountpoints) == 0:
        print('No NFS mount points were found')
        return 1

    if args.since:
        old_mountstats = parse_stats_file(args.since)

    for mp in mountpoints:
        stats = DeviceData()
        stats.parse_stats(mountstats[mp])
        if not args.since:
            print_mountstats(stats, args.nfs_only, args.rpc_only, args.raw, args.xprt_only)
        elif args.since and mp not in old_mountstats:
            print_mountstats(stats, args.nfs_only, args.rpc_only, args.raw, args.xprt_only)
        else:
            old_stats = DeviceData()
            old_stats.parse_stats(old_mountstats[mp])
            diff_stats = stats.compare_iostats(old_stats)
            print_mountstats(diff_stats, args.nfs_only, args.rpc_only, args.raw, args.xprt_only)

    args.infile.close()
    if args.since:
        args.since.close()
    return 0

def nfsstat_command(args):
    """nfsstat-like command for NFS mount points
    """
    mountstats = parse_stats_file(args.infile)
    mountpoints = [os.path.normpath(mp) for mp in args.mountpoints]
    v3stats = DeviceData()
    v3stats.setup_accumulator(Nfsv3ops)
    v4stats = DeviceData()
    v4stats.setup_accumulator(Nfsv4ops)

    # ensure stats get printed if neither v3 nor v4 was specified
    if args.show_v3 or args.show_v4:
        show_both = False
    else:
        show_both = True

    # make certain devices contains only NFS mount points
    if len(mountpoints) > 0:
        check = []
        for device in mountpoints:
            stats = DeviceData()
            try:
                stats.parse_stats(mountstats[device])
                if stats.is_nfs_mountpoint():
                    check += [device]
            except KeyError:
                continue
        mountpoints = check
    else:
        for device, descr in mountstats.items():
            stats = DeviceData()
            stats.parse_stats(descr)
            if stats.is_nfs_mountpoint():
                mountpoints += [device]
    if len(mountpoints) == 0:
        print('No NFS mount points were found')
        return 1

    if args.since:
        old_mountstats = parse_stats_file(args.since)

    for mp in mountpoints:
        stats = DeviceData()
        stats.parse_stats(mountstats[mp])
        vers = stats.nfs_version()

        if not args.since:
            acc_stats = stats
        elif args.since and mp not in old_mountstats:
            acc_stats = stats
        else:
            old_stats = DeviceData()
            old_stats.parse_stats(old_mountstats[mp])
            acc_stats = stats.compare_iostats(old_stats)

        if vers == 3 and (show_both or args.show_v3):
           v3stats.accumulate_iostats(acc_stats)
        elif vers == 4 and (show_both or args.show_v4):
           v4stats.accumulate_iostats(acc_stats)

    sends, retrans, authrefrsh = map(add, v3stats.client_rpc_stats(), v4stats.client_rpc_stats())
    print('Client rpc stats:')
    print('calls      retrans    authrefrsh')
    print('%-11u%-11u%-11u' % (sends, retrans, authrefrsh))

    if show_both or args.show_v3:
        v3stats.display_nfsstat_stats()
    if show_both or args.show_v4:
        v4stats.display_nfsstat_stats()

    args.infile.close()
    if args.since:
        args.since.close()
    return 0

def print_iostat_summary(old, new, devices, time):
    for device in devices:
        stats = DeviceData()
        stats.parse_stats(new[device])
        if not old or device not in old:
            stats.display_iostats(time)
        else:
            if ("fstype autofs" not in str(old[device])) and ("fstype autofs" not in str(new[device])):
                old_stats = DeviceData()
                old_stats.parse_stats(old[device])
                diff_stats = stats.compare_iostats(old_stats)
                diff_stats.display_iostats(time)

def iostat_command(args):
    """iostat-like command for NFS mount points
    """
    mountstats = parse_stats_file(args.infile)
    devices = [os.path.normpath(mp) for mp in args.mountpoints]

    if args.since:
        old_mountstats = parse_stats_file(args.since)
    else:
        old_mountstats = None

    # make certain devices contains only NFS mount points
    if len(devices) > 0:
        check = []
        for device in devices:
            stats = DeviceData()
            try:
                stats.parse_stats(mountstats[device])
                if stats.is_nfs_mountpoint():
                    check += [device]
            except KeyError:
                continue
        devices = check
    else:
        for device, descr in mountstats.items():
            stats = DeviceData()
            stats.parse_stats(descr)
            if stats.is_nfs_mountpoint():
                devices += [device]
    if len(devices) == 0:
        print('No NFS mount points were found')
        return 1

    sample_time = 0

    if args.interval is None:
        print_iostat_summary(old_mountstats, mountstats, devices, sample_time)
        return

    if args.count is not None:
        count = args.count
        while count != 0:
            print_iostat_summary(old_mountstats, mountstats, devices, sample_time)
            old_mountstats = mountstats
            time.sleep(args.interval)
            sample_time = args.interval
            mountstats = parse_stats_file(args.infile)
            count -= 1
    else: 
        while True:
            print_iostat_summary(old_mountstats, mountstats, devices, sample_time)
            old_mountstats = mountstats
            time.sleep(args.interval)
            sample_time = args.interval
            mountstats = parse_stats_file(args.infile)

    args.infile.close()
    if args.since:
        args.since.close()
    return 0

class ICMAction(argparse.Action):
    """Custom action to deal with interval, count, and mountpoints.
    """
    def __call__(self, parser, namespace, values, option_string=None):
        if namespace.mountpoints is None:
            namespace.mountpoints = []
        if values is None:
            return
        elif (type(values) == type([])):
            for value in values:
                self._handle_one(namespace, value)
        else:
            self._handle_one(namespace, values)

    def _handle_one(self, namespace, value):
        try:
            intval = int(value)
            if namespace.infile.name != '/proc/self/mountstats':
                raise argparse.ArgumentError(self, "not allowed with argument -f/--file or -S/--since")
            self._handle_int(namespace, intval)
        except ValueError:
            namespace.mountpoints.append(value)

    def _handle_int(self, namespace, value):
        if namespace.interval is None:
            namespace.interval = value
        elif namespace.count is None:
            namespace.count = value
        else:
            raise argparse.ArgumentError(self, "too many integer arguments")

def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(epilog='For specific sub-command help, '
        'run \'mountstats SUB-COMMAND -h|--help\'')
    subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(help='sub-command help')

    common_parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=False)
    common_parser.add_argument('-v', '--version', action='version',
        version='mountstats ' + Mountstats_version)
    common_parser.add_argument('-f', '--file', default=open('/proc/self/mountstats', 'r'),
        type=argparse.FileType('r'), dest='infile',
        help='Read stats from %(dest)s instead of /proc/self/mountstats')
    common_parser.add_argument('-S', '--since', type=argparse.FileType('r'),
        metavar='SINCEFILE',
        help='Show difference between current stats and those in SINCEFILE')

    mountstats_parser = subparsers.add_parser('mountstats',
        parents=[common_parser],
        help='Display a combination of per-op RPC statistics, NFS event counts, and NFS byte counts. '
            'This is the default sub-command if no sub-command is given.')
    group = mountstats_parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group.add_argument('-n', '--nfs', action='store_true', dest='nfs_only',
        help='Display only the NFS statistics')
    group.add_argument('-r', '--rpc', action='store_true', dest='rpc_only',
        help='Display only the RPC statistics')
    group.add_argument('-R', '--raw', action='store_true',
        help='Display only the raw statistics')
    group.add_argument('-x', '--xprt', action='store_true', dest='xprt_only',
        help='Display only the xprt statistics')
    # The mountpoints argument cannot be moved into the common_parser because
    # it will screw up the parsing of the iostat arguments (interval and count)
    mountstats_parser.add_argument('mountpoints', nargs='*', metavar='mountpoint',
        help='Display statistics for this mountpoint. More than one may be specified. '
            'If absent, statistics for all NFS mountpoints will be generated.')
    mountstats_parser.set_defaults(func=mountstats_command)

    nfsstat_parser = subparsers.add_parser('nfsstat',
        parents=[common_parser],
        help='Display nfsstat-like statistics.')
    nfsstat_parser.add_argument('-3', action='store_true', dest='show_v3',
        help='Show NFS version 3 statistics')
    nfsstat_parser.add_argument('-4', action='store_true', dest='show_v4',
        help='Show NFS version 4 statistics')
    # The mountpoints argument cannot be moved into the common_parser because
    # it will screw up the parsing of the iostat arguments (interval and count)
    nfsstat_parser.add_argument('mountpoints', nargs='*', metavar='mountpoint',
        help='Display statistics for this mountpoint. More than one may be specified. '
            'If absent, statistics for all NFS mountpoints will be generated.')
    nfsstat_parser.set_defaults(func=nfsstat_command)

    iostat_parser = subparsers.add_parser('iostat',
        parents=[common_parser],
        help='Display iostat-like statistics.')
    iostat_parser.add_argument('interval', nargs='?', action=ICMAction,
        help='Number of seconds between reports. If absent, only one report will '
            'be generated.')
    iostat_parser.add_argument('count', nargs='?', action=ICMAction,
        help='Number of reports generated at <interval> seconds apart. If absent, '
            'reports will be generated continuously.')
    # The mountpoints argument cannot be moved into the common_parser because
    # it will screw up the parsing of the iostat arguments (interval and count)
    iostat_parser.add_argument('mountpoints', nargs='*', action=ICMAction, metavar='mountpoint',
        help='Display statsistics for this mountpoint. More than one may be specified. '
            'If absent, statistics for all NFS mountpoints will be generated.')
    iostat_parser.set_defaults(func=iostat_command)
 
    args = parser.parse_args()
    return args.func(args)

try:
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        # Run the mounstats sub-command if no sub-command (or the help flag)
        # is given.  If the argparse module ever gets support for optional
        # (default) sub-commands, then this can be changed.
        if len(sys.argv) == 1:
            sys.argv.insert(1, 'mountstats')
        elif sys.argv[1] not in ['-h', '--help', 'mountstats', 'iostat', 'nfsstat']:
            sys.argv.insert(1, 'mountstats')
        res = main()
        sys.stdout.close()
        sys.stderr.close()
        sys.exit(res)
except (KeyboardInterrupt, RuntimeError):
    sys.exit(1)
except IOError:
    pass


© 2025 UnknownSec
Learning made Easy | Anyleson - Learning Platform
INR (₹)
India Rupee
$
United States Dollar

Joy of learning & teaching...

Rocket LMS is a fully-featured educational platform that helps instructors to create and publish video courses, live classes, and text courses and earn money, and helps students to learn in the easiest way.

6

Skillful Instructors

Start learning from experienced instructors.

11

Happy Students

Enrolled in our courses and improved their skills.

8

Live Classes

Improve your skills using live knowledge flow.

10

Video Courses

Learn without any geographical & time limitations.

Featured Courses

#Browse featured courses and become skillful

New Learning Page

Learn step-by-step tips that help you get things done with your virtual team by increasing trust and accountability.If you manage a virtual team today, then you'll probably continue to do so for the rest of your career.

5.00
20% Offer

Excel from Beginner to Advanced

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

4.75

Newest Courses

#Recently published courses

View All
Course
Full Stack Web Development

Full Stack Web Development

in Web Development
83:20 Hours
10 Oct 2024
₹28,318.82
Course
Installment and Secure Host

Installment and Secure Host

in Business Strategy
5.00
1:30 Hours
16 Mar 2023
₹118
Not conducted
Bestseller
New In-App Live System

New In-App Live System

in Communications
5.00
2:30 Hours
1 Mar 2026
₹11.80
Featured
New Learning Page

New Learning Page

in Lifestyle
5.00
3:30 Hours
1 Mar 2022
Free
Finished
Effective Time Management

Effective Time Management

in Management
5.00
1:30 Hours
1 Aug 2023
₹35.40
20% Offer
Excel from Beginner to Advanced

Excel from Beginner to Advanced

in Management
4.75
1:40 Hours
20 Mar 2026
₹94.40 ₹118

Latest bundles

Latest bundles subtitle

View All
Bestseller
Microsoft Office Beginner to Expert Bundle

Microsoft Office Beginner to Expert Bundle

in Management
5.00
15:10 Hours
24 Jun 2022
₹59

A-Z Web Programming

in Web Development
4.75
2:20 Hours
25 Jun 2022
₹9.44

Upcoming Courses

Courses that will be published soon

View All

Best Rated Courses

#Enjoy high quality and best rated content

View All
Finished
Effective Time Management

Effective Time Management

in Management
5.00
1:30 Hours
1 Aug 2023
₹35.40
20% Offer
Health And Fitness Masterclass

Health And Fitness Masterclass

in Health & Fitness
5.00
1:00 Hours
1 Jul 2021
₹18.88 ₹23.60
Finished
Learn Linux in 5 Days

Learn Linux in 5 Days

in Web Development
4.69
7:30 Hours
10 Jul 2021
Free
Text course
Learn Python Programming

Learn Python Programming

in Web Development
4.63
0:35 Hours
29 Jun 2021
Free
Course
Become a Product Manager

Become a Product Manager

in Business Strategy
4.58
2:30 Hours
28 Jun 2021
Free
20% Offer
Learn and Understand AngularJS

Learn and Understand AngularJS

in Web Development
3.88
1:00 Hours
10 Dec 2023
₹18.88 ₹23.60

Trending Categories

#Browse trending & popular learning topics

Bestselling Courses

#Learn from bestselling courses

View All
Course
Become a Product Manager

Become a Product Manager

in Business Strategy
4.58
2:30 Hours
28 Jun 2021
Free
Finished
Learn Linux in 5 Days

Learn Linux in 5 Days

in Web Development
4.00
7:30 Hours
10 Jul 2021
Free
20% Offer
Excel from Beginner to Advanced

Excel from Beginner to Advanced

in Management
4.75
1:40 Hours
20 Mar 2026
₹94.40 ₹118
Finished
Effective Time Management

Effective Time Management

in Management
5.00
1:30 Hours
1 Aug 2023
₹35.40
Featured
New Learning Page

New Learning Page

in Lifestyle
5.00
3:30 Hours
1 Mar 2022
Free
Not conducted
Bestseller
New In-App Live System

New In-App Live System

in Communications
5.00
2:30 Hours
1 Mar 2026
₹11.80

Free Courses

#Never miss free learning opportunities

View All
Featured
New Learning Page

New Learning Page

in Lifestyle
5.00
3:30 Hours
1 Mar 2022
Free
Course
New Update Features

New Update Features

in Language
4.00
1:30 Hours
21 Jun 2022
Free
Text course
Learn Python Programming

Learn Python Programming

in Web Development
5.00
0:35 Hours
29 Jun 2021
Free
Finished
Learn Linux in 5 Days

Learn Linux in 5 Days

in Web Development
4.00
7:30 Hours
10 Jul 2021
Free
Course
Become a Product Manager

Become a Product Manager

in Business Strategy
4.58
2:30 Hours
28 Jun 2021
Free

Discounted Courses

#Get courses at the latest price

View All
20% Offer
Excel from Beginner to Advanced

Excel from Beginner to Advanced

in Management
4.75
1:40 Hours
20 Mar 2026
₹94.40 ₹118
20% Offer
Learn and Understand AngularJS

Learn and Understand AngularJS

in Web Development
2.75
1:00 Hours
10 Dec 2023
₹18.88 ₹23.60
20% Offer
Health And Fitness Masterclass

Health And Fitness Masterclass

in Health & Fitness
5.00
1:00 Hours
1 Jul 2021
₹18.88 ₹23.60
40% Offer
The Future of Energy

The Future of Energy

in Science
2.50
1:10 Hours
8 Jul 2021
₹42.48 ₹70.80

Store Products

Explore physical & virtual products

All Products

Subscribe Now!

#Choose a subscription plan and save money!

Become an instructor

Are you interested to be a part of our community? You can be a part of our community by signing up as an instructor or organization.

Become an instructor circle dots
user name
Become an instructor start earning right now...
Have a Question? Ask it in forum and get answer circle dots

Have a Question? Ask it in forum and get answer

Our forums helps you to create your questions on different subjects and communicate with other forum users. Our users will help you to get the best answer!

Find the best instructor

Looking for an instructor? Find the best instructors according to different parameters like gender, skill level, price, meeting type, rating, etc. Find instructors on the map.

Find the best instructor circle dots
user name
Tutor Finder Find the best instructor now...

Start learning anywhere, anytime...

Use Rocket LMS to access high-quality education materials without any limitations in the easiest way.

Win Club Points
medal
You earned 50 points! for completing the course...

Win Club Points

Use Rocket LMS and win club points according to different activities. You will be able to use your club points to get free prizes and courses. Start using the system now and collect points!

Instructors

#Learn from the experienced & skillful instructors

All Instructors

Testimonials

#What our customers say about us

Ryan Newman

Ryan Newman

Data Analyst at Microsoft

"We've used Rocket LMS for the last 2  years. Thanks for the great service."

Megan Hayward

Megan Hayward

System Administrator at Amazon

"We're loving it. Rocket LMS is both perfect    and highly adaptable."

Natasha Hope

Natasha Hope

IT Technician at IBM

"I am really satisfied with my Rocket LMS. It's the perfect solution for our business."

Charles Dale

Charles Dale

Computer Engineer at Oracle

"I am so pleased with this product. I couldn't have asked for more than this."

David Patterson

David Patterson

Network Technician at Cisco

"Rocket LMS impressed me on multiple           levels."

Organizations

#Greatest education organizations are here to help you

All Organizations

Blog

#Explore latest news and articles

Blog Posts
Become a Straight-A Student 1 Jul 2021

Become a Straight-A Student

In this article, I’ll explain the two rules I followed to become a straight-A student. If you take my advice, you’ll get better grades and lead a more ...
How To Teach Your Kid Easily 1 Jul 2021

How To Teach Your Kid Easily

The primary reason kids struggle with school is fear. And in most cases, it’s their parent's fault. I started tutoring math out of financial desperation. ...
Better Relationship Between Friends 1 Jul 2021

Better Relationship Between Friends

The tutor-parent relationship is an important relationship and unfortunately greatly overlooked. Why is it important? Well, a good relationship between you and ...